Bernstein member involved: Christian Klaes

Neurotechnologies such as brain–computer interfaces (BCI) and neuromodulatory implants have developed rapidly in recent years. What was long considered science fiction is now finding concrete application in medical therapy — from the restoration of motor functions to the treatment of neurological disorders. Alongside this progress, however, a previously underestimated challenge is emerging: the cybersecurity of neurotechnological systems.

The BrainGuard research project addresses this challenge directly. Its goal is to develop novel security concepts for neurotechnologies that ensure the protection of sensitive neural data, prevent manipulation, and safeguard the autonomy of users. As medical devices become increasingly integrated with the nervous system, the potential risks associated with insufficient security measures grow accordingly.

New attack surfaces in digital medicine

BCIs and neuromodulatory systems read out neural signals and, in some cases, directly intervene in brain processes through electrical stimulation. These properties make them highly effective therapeutic tools — but at the same time vulnerable to new forms of cyberattacks. Unauthorized access could not only expose extremely sensitive information about thoughts, emotions, or intentions, but in the worst case, could also influence physical or mental states. The potential consequences are particularly severe for implanted systems such as deep-brain stimulation.

Although neuromodulatory procedures have been used successfully for decades, it is becoming increasingly clear that existing security and regulatory approaches are insufficient to address the specific risks associated with these technologies. BrainGuard is designed to close this gap in a targeted manner.

Neuro-cybersecurity as an emerging research field

At the core of BrainGuard is the development of a systematic neuro-cybersecurity approach. This approach integrates technical, regulatory, and ethical perspectives while accounting for the exceptional sensitivity of neural data. The project follows a multi-layered security concept, ranging from neuronal identification and authorization to privacy-preserving processing of neural signals and comprehensive protection measures against cyberattacks at both hardware and software levels.

A particular focus lies on how neural data can be processed in such a way that only the information strictly necessary for a medical application is used — without inadvertently revealing additional, highly personal content. In parallel, new encryption, authentication, and monitoring methods are being developed that are specifically tailored to implantable and networked neurotechnological systems.

Regulatory responsibility and societal relevance

The project also responds to existing regulatory uncertainties. Current legal frameworks are often not sufficiently specific to adequately protect neural integrity, mental privacy, and individual autonomy. BrainGuard makes an important contribution by providing scientific foundations for future standards and guidelines and by strengthening awareness of neuro-cybersecurity as a critical issue.

Security as a prerequisite for innovation

BrainGuard establishes a key building block for the responsible advancement of neurotechnology. Only if security, data protection, and ethical considerations are integrated from the outset can the enormous potential of these technologies be harnessed sustainably and for the benefit of society. In light of a rapidly growing global market, BrainGuard underscores the urgency of developing neurotechnologies that are not only powerful, but also secure and trustworthy.

About KlaesLab

KlaesLab at Ruhr University Bochum researches and develops innovative neurotechnologies to improve the autonomy and quality of life of people with severe motor impairments. A central focus lies on brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), which enable direct communication between the brain and technical systems. By combining neuroscience, artificial intelligence (AI), neurosurgery, and virtual reality, KlaesLab develops novel neuroprostheses, assistive systems, and rehabilitation approaches. The overarching goal is to deepen the understanding of neural processes and translate this knowledge into clinically relevant, safe, and future-proof technologies.

About SMN

The Secure Mobile Networking (SMN) research group at Ruhr University Bochum has been developing new approaches for protecting networked and cyber-physical systems against attacks for many years, particularly in critical domains such as energy supply, industry, and transportation. Its work focuses on security solutions for smart devices and industrial networks, as well as secure hardware.

About PHYSEC

PHYSEC GmbH develops and markets innovative security solutions for the Internet of Things (IoT) and critical infrastructures. With a focus on cyber-physical security, PHYSEC combines state-of-the-art cryptography with physical fingerprinting technologies to protect devices and systems against manipulation and attacks.

About snap DISCOVERY

snap DISCOVERY is a technology company based in Bochum that develops an AI-powered brain–computer interface (BCI). The technology enables users to control games, software, and digital systems using thought alone—without controllers, keyboards, or touchscreens. Brain signals are analyzed in real time and translated into precise, adaptive control commands.

snap DISCOVERY combines neuroscientific research and artificial intelligence to create scalable solutions for applications in gaming, healthcare, industry, media, and education. By making interaction more intuitive, accessible, and powerful, snap DISCOVERY helps shape the future of human–machine communication and stands for innovation, practical relevance, and technological progress “Made in Germany.”

Translated into English by the BrainGuard project team